Lateral capillary interactions between colloids beneath an oil-water interface that are driven by out-of-plane electrostatic double-layer interactions.

We study the lateral capillary interactions between colloids beneath an oil-water interface that lead to closely packed two-dimensional self-assembled colloidal crystals. These capillary forces are caused by the overlap of deformed interfaces above colloids on a solid substrate. The interface deformation is due to the electrostatic disjoining pressure between the charged particles and the charged oil-water interface. It is notable that the short-range (i.e., on the nanometer scale) and out-of-plane electrostatic double-layer interactions, which occur through an aqueous phase, can generate the long-range lateral capillary attraction (i.e., on the micrometer scale).